What are the causes of mental illness?

Whilst some mental illness may have genetic or biological origins more commonly

at the heart of many psychological challenges lies a fundamental issue: our innate sense of safety. This concept is not merely about physical security but encompasses emotional, relational, and existential dimensions. When this sense of safety is compromised, it can lead to a variety of psychological problems. Let’s explore how this intricate interplay unfolds, drawing from different theories and perspectives.

The Roots in Childhood

One of the most profound influences on our sense of safety is our early childhood experiences, particularly our attachment and attunement to our primary caregivers. John Bowlby, the pioneer of attachment theory, emphasised that "the propensity to make strong emotional bonds to particular individuals is a basic component of human nature." Secure attachment, where caregivers are responsive and attuned to a child's needs, lays a foundation of safety. In contrast, inconsistent or neglectful caregiving can lead to attachment insecurities, which might manifest as anxiety, depression, or relational difficulties in adulthood.

The Impact of Trauma

Traumas, both big and small, can significantly disrupt our sense of safety. The British Psychological Society defines trauma as "an emotional response to a terrible event." However, it's crucial to recognise that trauma isn't only about major catastrophic events. Smaller, chronic stressors—often referred to as "micro-traumas"—can accumulate over time and have a profound impact. According to Bessel van der Kolk, author of The Body Keeps the Score, “trauma is not just an event that took place sometime in the past; it is also the imprint left by that experience on mind, brain, and body.” Healing from trauma involves addressing these imprints and rebuilding a sense of safety and stability.

The Role of Neuroception

A critical yet often overlooked aspect of our sense of safety is neuroception, a concept introduced by Dr. Stephen Porges in his Polyvagal Theory. Neuroception refers to the subconscious system our nervous system uses to evaluate risk in our environment. Unlike conscious perception, neuroception is automatic and constantly scanning for cues of safety or danger. When neuroception detects threats—real or perceived—it can trigger physiological responses that prepare us for fight, flight, or freeze reactions. These responses, if frequently activated due to chronic stress or trauma, can lead to persistent anxiety, hypervigilance, and other psychological issues. Understanding and working with neuroception is essential in therapy to help clients re-establish a baseline sense of safety.

The Struggle with Alienation

In addition to individual experiences, our sense of safety can be affected by our relationship with society and culture. Feeling different or alienated—whether due to race, gender, sexuality, or other aspects of identity—can create a profound sense of being unsafe or out of place. As sociologist Émile Durkheim noted, social integration is critical to our well-being. When we feel disconnected from the societal norms and values around us, it can lead to feelings of isolation, depression, and anxiety.

Different Theories and Perspectives

Several psychological theories offer insights into the origins of psychological problems:

- Psychodynamic Theory: Stemming from the work of Sigmund Freud, this perspective emphasises the impact of early experiences and unconscious processes on our mental health.

- Humanistic Psychology: Pioneered by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, this approach focuses on the inherent worth of individuals and the importance of self-actualisation and personal growth.

- Cognitive-Behavioural Theory: This theory, developed by Aaron Beck and others, highlights the role of maladaptive thought patterns and behaviours in psychological problems.

Cultivating Safety and Connection

In my practice, I focus on helping clients rebuild and nurture their sense of safety and connection. This involves:

- Creating a Safe Therapeutic Space: Ensuring that clients feel heard, understood, and respected.

- Exploring and Healing Past Wounds: Addressing attachment issues, traumas, and feelings of alienation through various therapeutic techniques.

- Fostering Self-Connection: Helping clients reconnect with their true selves, embrace their identities, and build self-compassion.

- Building Meaningful Relationships: Encouraging the development of healthy, supportive relationships with others.

- Finding Meaning and Purpose: Assisting clients in discovering what brings them fulfilment and a sense of purpose in life.

As Viktor Frankl, the founder of logotherapy, profoundly stated, “Those who have a 'why' to live, can bear with almost any 'how'.” Finding meaning is a crucial aspect of healing and growth, allowing us to navigate life's challenges with resilience and hope.

Together, we can work towards restoring your sense of safety, deepening your connection to yourself and others, and finding your unique place and purpose in the world. Your journey towards healing and wholeness is not only possible but well within reach.